The most dangerous threats to soldiers serving today in Iraq and Afghanistan are Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), Explosively Formed Projectiles (EFPs) and small arms fire. Since the start of the operation on 20 March 2003, a huge number of Coalition forces' casualties in Afghanistan and Iraq have been a result of the growing guerilla war and increasing IED threat. The wheeled vehicles in service simply could not withstand the blast of lEDs detonating from below. With its flat bottom and soft-skinned plastic doors, a Humvee struck by a land mine or IED would most likely result in the death of the passengers and the vehicle destroyed beyond repair. The EFPs recently used by insurgents in theater are much more dangerous than common lEDs which are mostly designed around an artillery or mortar round. The EFP charges are generally cylindrical, fabricated from commonly available metal pipes, with the forward end closed by a concave copper or steel disk-shaped liner to create a shaped charge. The explosive material is loaded behind the metal liner to fill the pipe.
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